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The Karlsruhe Stadtbahn is a German tram-train system combining tram lines in the city of Karlsruhe with railway lines in the surrounding countryside, serving the entire region of the middle upper Rhine valley and creating connections to neighbouring regions. The Stadtbahn combines an efficient urban railway in the city with an S-Bahn (suburban railway), overcoming the boundary between trams/light railways and heavy railways. Its logo does not include the green and white S-Bahn symbol used in other German suburban rail systems and the symbol is only used at stops and stations outside the inner-city tram-operation area. The idea to link tram and railway lines with one another in order to be able to offer an attractive transport system for town and outskirts was developed in Karlsruhe and implemented gradually in the 1980s and 1990s, with the system commencing operation in 1992. This idea, known as the ''Karlsruhe model'' or ''tram-train'', has been adapted by other European cities. The Karlsruhe Stadtbahn is operated in co-operation by Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (Alb valley transport corporation, AVG), Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe transport authority, VBK) and Deutsche Bahn (DB). The two urban transport operators, VBK and AVG, operate most services, while DB is responsible for the sections from Pforzheim and Bretten to Bietigheim-Bissingen. , AVG quotes the size of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn system as , with 12 lines serving 190 stations. ==Network== The Karlsruhe Stadtbahn includes thirteen lines, in four different forms: *Tram lines under the German law regulating tram operations, in a modernised form with a large proportion of segregated track and priority at traffic lights. These lines are electrified at 750 V DC: Stadtbahn Line S2 (operated by VBK in addition to its own seven tram lines). *A combination of tram line sections within urban Karlsruhe and the secondary lines of the AVG, electrified at 750 V DC: Stadtbahn Lines S1 and S11. *A combination of tram line sections within urban Karlsruhe, Wörth am Rhein, Bad Wildbad and Heilbronn, electrified at 750 V DC, and the railway lines of the DB and AVG, electrified at 15 kV AC, 16.7 Hz: Stadtbahn Lines S4, S41, S42, S5, S51, S52 and S6. *Pure rail operations on DB and AVG tracks, electrified at 15 kV AC: Stadtbahn Lines S31, S32 and S9. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Karlsruhe Stadtbahn」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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